Description of Normative Samples

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• Age & Gender
• Race/Ethnicity
• Region
• Parental Education Level
• Clinical Status
• Demographic Characteristics of the Normative Sample Raters

Of all the Conners 4 ratings that were collected, a total of 3,120 youth were included in the Normative Samples (N = 1,560 for Parent; N = 1,560 for Teacher; and N = 1,100 for Self-Report). These samples were used to generate norms for the Conners 4. The Conners 4 Parent and Teacher Normative Samples each comprise 1,416 raters from the U.S. and 144 raters from Canada. The Self-Report Normative Sample comprises 960 raters from the U.S. and 140 raters from Canada. The size of the U.S. sample relative to the Canadian sample reflects the ratio of the total U.S. population to the total Canadian population (10:1). Normative Samples were collected to match the demographic characteristics of each respective country. The demographic characteristics of the U.S. portion of the Normative Samples were based on the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS; United States Census Bureau, 2019) and the demographic characteristics of the Canadian portion of the Normative Samples were based on the 2016 National Census Profile (Statistics Canada, 2017). The target demographic variables of gender, age, race/ethnicity, geographic region, and parental education level (PEL; PEL was not collected on the Teacher forms as teachers were not expected to know the education level of the parents of the student being rated) were collected using a stratified sampling plan to ensure that both the U.S. and Canadian portions of the Normative Samples represented the broader, national populations from which they were drawn.

In addition to these stratification variables, descriptive demographic characteristics such as school type, urbanicity, and language(s) spoken were collected in order to profile the Normative Samples. Youth in the Normative Samples came from various school types (approximately 90.0% were enrolled in public schools, and the remaining students were enrolled in private schools or those labelled“other school type”), urbanicities (a large portion of the youth attended school in an urbanized area with a population of 50,000 people or more—50.2% Parent, 46.5% Teacher, 83.5% Self-Report; the remaining youth lived in urban clusters or rural areas), and the majority of the youth spoke only English (82.8% Parent, 76.2% Teacher, 85.1% Self-Report) while the remaining students were bilingual.

The following sections provide a description of each of the target demographic variables in the Conners 4 Normative Samples. For the Conners 4 Parent and Teacher Normative Samples, the demographic characteristics of the raters are also described, along with information characterizing the relationship between the raters and the youth being rated (see Demographic Characteristics of the Raters in this chapter).

Age and Gender

The Conners 4 Parent and Teacher Normative Samples include ratings of youth who were 6 to 18 years of age. The Conners 4 Self-Report includes ratings provided by youth who were 8 to 18 years of age.

The Parent and Self-Report asked raters to report the sex to which the youth being rated was assigned at birth, as well as to report the gender with which the rated youth currently identifies (with response options of “Male,” “Female,” and“Other [Please Specify]”). Gender (rather than sex at birth) was used as the stratification variable. The Normative Samples include a balanced number of ratings between male and female youth within each age group. The Combined Gender Normative Samples include ratings of youth whose gender identity was indicated as “Other” (e.g., transgender, non-binary; N = 5 in the Parent Combined Gender Normative Sample, N = 1 in the Teacher Combined Gender Normative Sample, and N = 0 in the Self-Report Combined Gender Normative Sample). The Parent and Self-Report also include ratings of youth who reported that they identify with a gender that was different from the sex to which they were assigned at birth (N = 13 for Parent and N = 4 for Self-Report). The distribution of gender by age group for the Combined Gender Normative Samples is found in Tables 7.1 to 7.3. Combined Gender norms are the default scoring option for the Conners 4; however, separate Gender Specific norms are also available (see chapter 3, Scoring and Reports, for details). The distribution of gender by age group for the Gender Specific Normative Samples is found in Tables 7.4 to 7.6.

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Table 7.1. Gender x Age Group: Conners 4 Parent Normative Sample–Combined Gender

Age (in years)	Male	Female	Other	Total
6	65	65	0	130
7	65	65	0	130
8	64	65	1	130
9	65	65	0	130
10	65	65	0	130
11	65	65	0	130
12	65	65	0	130
13	65	65	0	130
14	64	64	2	130
15	65	65	0	130
16	64	65	1	130
17/18	65	64	1	130
Total N	777	778	5	1,560
Total (%)	49.8	49.9	0.3	100.0

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Table 7.2. Gender x Age Group: Conners 4 Teacher Normative Sample–Combined Gender

Age (in years)	Male	Female	Other	Total
6	65	65	0	130
7	65	65	0	130
8	65	65	0	130
9	65	65	0	130
10	65	65	0	130
11	65	65	0	130
12	65	65	0	130
13	65	65	0	130
14	65	65	0	130
15	65	65	0	130
16	64	65	1	130
17/18	65	65	0	130
Total N	779	780	1	1,560
Total (%)	49.9	50.0	0.1	100.0

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Table 7.3. Gender x Age Group: Conners 4 Self-Report Normative Sample–Combined Gender

Age (in years)	Male	Female	Other	Total
8	55	55	0	110
9	55	55	0	110
10	55	55	0	110
11	55	55	0	110
12	55	55	0	110
13	55	55	0	110
14	55	55	0	110
15	55	55	0	110
16	55	55	0	110
17/18	55	55	0	110
Total N	550	550	0	1,100
Total (%)	50.0	50.0	0.0	100.0

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Table 7.4. Gender x Age Group: Conners 4 Parent Normative Samples–Gender Specific

Age (in years)	Normative Sample Gender Specific–Males	Normative Sample Gender Specific–Females
6	65	65
7	65	65
8	65	65
9	65	65
10	65	65
11	65	65
12	65	65
13	65	65
14	65	65
15	65	65
16	65	65
17/18	65	65
Total N	780	780
Total (%)	100.0	100.0

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Table 7.5. Gender x Age Group: Conners 4 Teacher Normative Samples–Gender Specific

Age (in years)	Normative Sample Gender Specific–Males	Normative Sample Gender Specific–Females
6	65	65
7	65	65
8	65	65
9	65	65
10	65	65
11	65	65
12	65	65
13	65	65
14	65	65
15	65	65
16	65	65
17/18	65	65
Total N	780	780
Total (%)	100.0	100.0

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Table 7.6. Gender x Age Group: Conners 4 Self-Report Normative Samples–Gender Specific

Age (in years)	Normative Sample Gender Specific–Males	Normative Sample Gender Specific–Females
8	55	55
9	55	55
10	55	55
11	55	55
12	55	55
13	55	55
14	55	55
15	55	55
16	55	55
17/18	55	55
Total N	550	550
Total (%)	100.0	100.0

Race/Ethnicity

For the Parent, Teacher, and Self-Report, raters living in the U.S. were asked to identify the race of the youth being rated from the following categories: American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian Indian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Other Asian, White, Multiracial, or Other. Raters were also asked to specify if the youth being rated was of Hispanic, Spanish, or Latinx origin. Those who responded“yes”were asked to specify the ethnicity with which the youth being rated best identified. The Hispanic, Spanish, or Latinx subset of the Normative Samples comprised youth who identified as (a) Mexican, Mexican American, or Chicano (60.9% Parent, 61.7% Teacher, 62.1% Self-Report); (b) Puerto Rican (20.0% Parent, 14.5% Teacher, 17.9% Self-Report); (c) Cuban (4.0% Parent, 4.1% Teacher, 6.7% Self-Report); or (d) of another Hispanic, Latinx, or Spanish origin (e.g., Argentinian, Columbian, Dominican; 15.1% Parent, 9.9% Teacher, 13.3% Self-Report). Note that 9.9% of Teachers who specified that the student being rated was of Hispanic, Spanish, or Latinx origin indicated that they did not know which ethnicity the student best identified with. For the purposes of census matching and for ease of presentation, the following racial/ethnic group labels will be used to characterize the U.S. portion of the Normative Samples: Hispanic (includes all who answered “yes” to the Hispanic, Spanish, Latinx origin question), Asian (includes Asian Indian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Other Asian), Black (includes Black or African American), White, and Other (which includes more than one race, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Other). Youth from Canada were classified as Visible Minority (which is defined by the Government of Canada as including persons other than Indigenous people who are non-Caucasian in race or non-White in color) and Not Visible Minority (which consists of persons who are White or Indigenous people).

The distribution of race/ethnicity by age group within each country for the Combined Gender Normative Samples can be found in Tables 7.7 to 7.9. The portion of rated youth belonging to each racial/ethnic group closely approximated the U.S. population (within 0.9%) and Canadian population (within 2.3%). The distribution of race/ethnicity by age group within each country for the Gender Specific Normative Samples can be found in Tables 7.10 to 7.12.

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Table 7.7. Race/Ethnicity x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Parent Normative Sample–Combined Gender

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada			Total
	Hispanic	Asian	Black	White	Other	Subtotal	Not visible minority	Visible minority	Subtotal
6	30	5	17	59	7	118	9	3	12	130
7	30	6	16	59	7	118	9	3	12	130
8	30	6	16	60	6	118	9	3	12	130
9	29	6	17	60	6	118	10	2	12	130
10	29	5	17	59	8	118	8	4	12	130
11	29	7	16	59	7	118	8	4	12	130
12	28	6	17	60	7	118	8	4	12	130
13	31	6	15	59	7	118	8	4	12	130
14	28	6	16	60	8	118	8	4	12	130
15	28	8	16	58	8	118	9	3	12	130
16	28	6	17	60	7	118	9	3	12	130
17/18	30	6	16	59	7	118	9	3	12	130
Total	350	73	196	712	85	1,416	104	40	144	1,560
Total (%)	24.7	5.2	13.8	50.3	6.0	100.0	72.2	27.8	100.0
Census (%)	25.1	5.0	13.4	50.5	6.0		72.7	27.3

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.8. Race/Ethnicity x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Teacher Normative Sample–Combined Gender

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada			Total
	Hispanic	Asian	Black	White	Other	Subtotal	Not visible minority	Visible minority	Subtotal
6	28	5	18	60	7	118	9	3	12	130
7	29	4	18	60	7	118	9	3	12	130
8	28	6	17	62	5	118	9	3	12	130
9	28	6	15	61	8	118	9	3	12	130
10	28	6	17	59	8	118	9	3	12	130
11	29	6	16	60	7	118	9	3	12	130
12	29	5	16	61	7	118	9	3	12	130
13	29	7	14	61	7	118	9	3	12	130
14	27	6	18	61	6	118	9	3	12	130
15	30	3	18	62	5	118	9	3	12	130
16	29	7	16	60	6	118	9	3	12	130
17/18	31	6	16	57	8	118	9	3	12	130
Total	345	67	199	724	81	1,416	108	36	144	1,560
Total (%)	24.4	4.7	14.1	51.1	5.7	100.0	75.0	25.0	100.0
Census (%)	25.1	5.0	13.4	50.5	6.0		72.7	27.3

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.9. Race/Ethnicity x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Self-Report Normative Sample–Combined Gender

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada			Total
	Hispanic	Asian	Black	White	Other	Subtotal	Not visible minority	Visible Minority	Subtotal
8	23	3	15	49	6	96	10	4	14	110
9	20	5	13	52	6	96	10	4	14	110
10	25	4	14	49	4	96	10	4	14	110
11	24	5	17	45	5	96	11	3	14	110
12	23	5	11	51	6	96	9	5	14	110
13	27	5	12	46	6	96	9	5	14	110
14	24	5	14	47	6	96	11	3	14	110
15	26	4	14	47	5	96	9	5	14	110
16	25	5	13	48	5	96	10	4	14	110
17/18	24	4	14	50	4	96	11	3	14	110
Total	241	45	137	484	53	960	100	40	140	1,100
Total (%)	25.1	4.7	14.3	50.4	5.5	100.0	71.4	28.6	100.0
Census (%)	25.1	5.0	13.4	50.5	6.0		72.7	27.3

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.10a. Race/Ethnicity x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Parent Normative Sample Gender Specific–Males

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada			Total
	Hispanic	Asian	Black	White	Other	Subtotal	Not visible minority	Visible minority	Subtotal
6	14	3	9	30	3	59	5	1	6	65
7	15	3	8	29	4	59	5	1	6	65
8	15	3	8	30	3	59	4	2	6	65
9	15	3	8	30	3	59	5	1	6	65
10	15	3	8	29	4	59	4	2	6	65
11	15	3	8	29	4	59	3	3	6	65
12	13	3	9	31	3	59	4	2	6	65
13	16	3	7	30	3	59	4	2	6	65
14	14	3	8	30	4	59	3	3	6	65
15	14	4	8	29	4	59	4	2	6	65
16	13	3	8	31	4	59	5	1	6	65
17/18	15	3	8	30	3	59	4	2	6	65
Total	174	37	97	358	42	708	50	22	72	780
Total (%)	24.6	5.2	13.7	50.6	5.9	100.0	69.4	30.6	100.0
Census (%)	25.1	5.0	13.4	50.5	6.0		72.7	27.3

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.10b. Race/Ethnicity x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Parent Normative Sample Gender Specific–Females

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada			Total
	Hispanic	Asian	Black	White	Other	Subtotal	Not visible minority	Visible minority	Subtotal
6	16	2	8	29	4	59	4	2	6	65
7	15	3	8	30	3	59	4	2	6	65
8	15	3	8	30	3	59	5	1	6	65
9	14	3	9	30	3	59	5	1	6	65
10	14	2	9	30	4	59	4	2	6	65
11	14	4	8	30	3	59	5	1	6	65
12	15	3	8	29	4	59	4	2	6	65
13	15	3	8	29	4	59	4	2	6	65
14	14	3	8	30	4	59	5	1	6	65
15	14	4	8	29	4	59	5	1	6	65
16	15	3	9	29	3	59	4	2	6	65
17/18	15	3	8	29	4	59	5	1	6	65
Total	176	36	99	354	43	708	54	18	72	780
Total (%)	24.9	5.1	14.0	50.0	6.1	100.0	75.0	25.0	100.0
Census (%)	25.1	5.0	13.4	50.5	6.0		72.7	27.3

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.11a. Race/Ethnicity x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Teacher Normative Sample Gender Specific–Males

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada			Total
	Hispanic	Asian	Black	White	Other	Subtotal	Not visible minority	Visible minority	Subtotal
6	15	2	9	30	3	59	4	2	6	65
7	15	2	8	30	4	59	4	2	6	65
8	14	3	9	31	2	59	5	1	6	65
9	14	3	7	31	4	59	4	2	6	65
10	14	3	9	29	4	59	5	1	6	65
11	15	3	8	30	3	59	5	1	6	65
12	14	2	9	30	4	59	5	1	6	65
13	15	3	8	30	3	59	4	2	6	65
14	13	3	9	31	3	59	4	2	6	65
15	16	1	9	30	3	59	5	1	6	65
16	14	4	8	30	3	59	4	2	6	65
17/18	16	2	7	29	5	59	5	1	6	65
Total	175	31	100	361	41	708	54	18	72	780
Total (%)	24.7	4.4	14.1	51.0	5.8	100.0	75.0	25.0	100.0
Census (%)	25.1	5.0	13.4	50.5	6.0		72.7	27.3

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.11b. Race/Ethnicity x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Teacher Normative Sample Gender Specific–Females

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada			Total
	Hispanic	Asian	Black	White	Other	Subtotal	Not visible minority	Visible minority	Subtotal
6	13	3	9	30	4	59	5	1	6	65
7	14	2	10	30	3	59	5	1	6	65
8	14	3	8	31	3	59	4	2	6	65
9	14	3	8	30	4	59	5	1	6	65
10	14	3	8	30	4	59	4	2	6	65
11	14	3	8	30	4	59	4	2	6	65
12	15	3	7	31	3	59	4	2	6	65
13	14	4	6	31	4	59	5	1	6	65
14	14	3	9	30	3	59	5	1	6	65
15	14	2	9	32	2	59	4	2	6	65
16	15	3	8	30	3	59	5	1	6	65
17/18	15	4	9	28	3	59	4	2	6	65
Total	170	36	99	363	40	708	54	18	72	780
Total (%)	24.0	5.1	14.0	51.3	5.6	100.0	75.0	25.0	100.0
Census (%)	25.1	5.0	13.4	50.5	6.0		72.7	27.3

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.12a. Race/Ethnicity x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Self-Report Normative Sample Gender Specific–Males

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada			Total
	Hispanic	Asian	Black	White	Other	Subtotal	Not visible minority	Visible minority	Subtotal
8	11	3	6	25	3	48	6	1	7	55
9	11	2	7	25	3	48	5	2	7	55
10	14	2	6	24	2	48	5	2	7	55
11	12	2	9	23	2	48	6	1	7	55
12	12	3	5	25	3	48	5	2	7	55
13	15	2	5	23	3	48	4	3	7	55
14	13	3	7	22	3	48	4	3	7	55
15	13	2	8	23	2	48	4	3	7	55
16	12	3	7	24	2	48	5	2	7	55
17/18	12	2	7	25	2	48	5	2	7	55
Total	125	24	67	239	25	480	49	21	70	550
Total (%)	26.0	5.0	14.0	49.8	5.2	100.0	70.0	30.0	100.0
Census (%)	25.1	5.0	13.4	50.5	6.0		72.7	27.3

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.12b. Race/Ethnicity x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Self-Report Normative Sample Gender Specific–Females

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada			Total
	Hispanic	Asian	Black	White	Other	Subtotal	Not visible minority	Visible minority	Subtotal
8	12	0	9	24	3	48	4	3	7	55
9	9	3	6	27	3	48	5	2	7	55
10	11	2	8	25	2	48	5	2	7	55
11	12	3	8	22	3	48	5	2	7	55
12	11	2	6	26	3	48	4	3	7	55
13	12	3	7	23	3	48	5	2	7	55
14	11	2	7	25	3	48	7	0	7	55
15	13	2	6	24	3	48	5	2	7	55
16	13	2	6	24	3	48	5	2	7	55
17/18	12	2	7	25	2	48	6	1	7	55
Total	116	21	70	245	28	480	51	19	70	550
Total (%)	24.2	4.4	14.6	51.0	5.8	100.0	72.9	27.1	100.0
Census (%)	25.1	5.0	13.4	50.5	6.0		72.7	27.3

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

Region

For each of the Conners 4 forms, raters were asked to provide the state or province of residence of the youth being rated, which was then categorized by U.S. census geographical region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West) and by Canadian census geographical regions (East, Central, West).

The distribution of region within each country by age group in the Combined Gender Normative Samples is found in Tables 7.13 to 7.15. The portion of rated youth living in each region closely matched the U.S. population (within 2.3%) and Canadian population (within 3.6%). The distribution of region within each country by age group in the Gender Specific Normative Samples is found in Tables 7.16 to 7.18.

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Table 7.13. Region x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Parent Normative Sample–Combined Gender

Age (in years)	U.S.					Canada				Total
	Northeast	Midwest	South	West	Subtotal	East	Central	West	Subtotal
6	20	25	47	26	118	1	7	4	12	130
7	21	22	46	29	118	3	5	4	12	130
8	20	24	46	28	118	1	8	3	12	130
9	18	24	47	29	118	1	8	3	12	130
10	20	25	46	27	118	0	9	3	12	130
11	20	24	45	29	118	2	6	4	12	130
12	22	25	43	28	118	1	8	3	12	130
13	19	28	44	27	118	1	7	4	12	130
14	21	25	46	26	118	1	7	4	12	130
15	20	24	46	28	118	1	7	4	12	130
16	20	24	45	29	118	1	7	4	12	130
17/18	21	24	45	28	118	1	7	4	12	130
Total	242	294	546	334	1,416	14	86	44	144	1,560
Total (%)	17.1	20.8	38.6	23.6	100.0	9.7	59.7	30.6	100.0
Census (%)	15.8	21.0	38.9	24.3		6.1	61.1	32.8

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.14. Region x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Teacher Normative Sample–Combined Gender

Age (in years)	U.S.					Canada				Total
	Northeast	Midwest	South	West	Subtotal	East	Central	West	Subtotal
6	21	27	47	23	118	1	7	4	12	130
7	21	23	48	26	118	1	7	4	12	130
8	20	23	47	28	118	1	7	4	12	130
9	19	26	44	29	118	0	8	4	12	130
10	20	24	46	28	118	1	7	4	12	130
11	19	24	46	29	118	1	9	2	12	130
12	24	26	43	25	118	1	7	4	12	130
13	20	26	44	28	118	1	7	4	12	130
14	21	29	46	22	118	1	7	4	12	130
15	23	25	47	23	118	0	8	4	12	130
16	25	23	46	24	118	1	7	4	12	130
17/18	23	24	44	27	118	1	7	4	12	130
Total	256	300	548	312	1,416	10	88	46	144	1,560
Total (%)	18.1	21.2	38.7	22.0	100.0	6.9	61.1	31.9	100.0
Census (%)	15.8	21.0	38.9	24.3		6.1	61.1	32.8

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.15. Region x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Self-Report Normative Sample–Combined Gender

Age (in years)	U.S.					Canada				Total
	Northeast	Midwest	South	West	Subtotal	East	Central	West	Subtotal
8	16	19	40	21	96	1	7	6	14	110
9	16	23	36	21	96	1	8	5	14	110
10	15	20	39	22	96	1	9	4	14	110
11	14	21	37	24	96	2	9	3	14	110
12	18	23	33	22	96	0	9	5	14	110
13	19	19	38	20	96	1	8	5	14	110
14	17	24	32	23	96	0	10	4	14	110
15	17	21	36	22	96	1	9	4	14	110
16	17	24	34	21	96	1	8	5	14	110
17/18	16	22	36	22	96	1	8	5	14	110
Total	165	216	361	218	960	9	85	46	140	1,100
Total (%)	17.2	22.5	37.6	22.7	100.0	6.4	60.7	32.9	100.0
Census (%)	15.8	21.0	38.9	24.3		6.1	61.1	32.8

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.16a. Region x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Parent Normative Sample Gender Specific–Males

Age (in years)	U.S.					Canada				Total
	Northeast	Midwest	South	West	Subtotal	East	Central	West	Subtotal
6	10	12	24	13	59	1	3	2	6	65
7	9	12	24	14	59	3	1	2	6	65
8	10	12	23	14	59	0	4	2	6	65
9	9	11	24	15	59	1	4	1	6	65
10	10	13	23	13	59	0	5	1	6	65
11	11	11	22	15	59	1	2	3	6	65
12	11	14	21	13	59	1	3	2	6	65
13	9	14	22	14	59	0	4	2	6	65
14	10	12	23	14	59	1	3	2	6	65
15	10	12	23	14	59	0	4	2	6	65
16	9	13	22	15	59	0	4	2	6	65
17/18	10	11	23	15	59	1	3	2	6	65
Total	118	147	274	169	708	9	40	23	72	780
Total (%)	16.7	20.8	38.7	23.9	100.0	12.5	55.6	31.9	100.0
Census (%)	15.8	21.0	38.9	24.3		6.1	61.1	32.8

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.16b. Region x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Parent Normative Sample Gender Specific–Females

Age (in years)	U.S.					Canada				Total
	Northeast	Midwest	South	West	Subtotal	East	Central	West	Subtotal
6	10	13	23	13	59	0	4	2	6	65
7	12	10	22	15	59	0	4	2	6	65
8	10	12	23	14	59	1	3	2	6	65
9	9	13	23	14	59	0	4	2	6	65
10	10	12	23	14	59	0	4	2	6	65
11	9	13	23	14	59	1	4	1	6	65
12	11	11	22	15	59	0	5	1	6	65
13	10	14	22	13	59	1	3	2	6	65
14	10	13	23	13	59	0	4	2	6	65
15	10	12	23	14	59	1	3	2	6	65
16	11	11	23	14	59	1	3	2	6	65
17/18	11	13	22	13	59	0	4	2	6	65
Total	123	147	272	166	708	5	45	22	72	780
Total (%)	17.4	20.8	38.4	23.4	100.0	6.9	62.5	30.6	100.0
Census (%)	15.8	21.0	38.9	24.3		6.1	61.1	32.8

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

Click to expand

Table 7.17a. Region x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Teacher Normative Sample Gender Specific–Males

Age (in years)	U.S.					Canada				Total
	Northeast	Midwest	South	West	Subtotal	East	Central	West	Subtotal
6	10	13	24	12	59	0	4	2	6	65
7	12	9	26	12	59	1	3	2	6	65
8	11	12	24	12	59	1	4	1	6	65
9	9	16	19	15	59	0	4	2	6	65
10	10	12	23	14	59	1	3	2	6	65
11	9	12	23	15	59	0	5	1	6	65
12	12	13	21	13	59	0	4	2	6	65
13	10	12	23	14	59	0	3	3	6	65
14	12	14	22	11	59	1	3	2	6	65
15	12	12	23	12	59	0	4	2	6	65
16	15	11	23	10	59	0	3	3	6	65
17/18	14	12	21	12	59	1	3	2	6	65
Total	136	148	272	152	708	5	43	24	72	780
Total (%)	19.2	20.9	38.4	21.5	100.0	6.9	59.7	33.3	100.0
Census (%)	15.8	21.0	38.9	24.3		6.1	61.1	32.8

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.17b. Region x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Teacher Normative Sample Gender Specific–Females

Age (in years)	U.S.					Canada				Total
	Northeast	Midwest	South	West	Subtotal	East	Central	West	Subtotal
6	11	14	23	11	59	1	3	2	6	65
7	9	14	22	14	59	0	4	2	6	65
8	9	11	23	16	59	0	3	3	6	65
9	10	10	25	14	59	0	4	2	6	65
10	10	12	23	14	59	0	4	2	6	65
11	10	12	23	14	59	1	4	1	6	65
12	12	13	22	12	59	1	3	2	6	65
13	10	14	21	14	59	1	4	1	6	65
14	9	15	24	11	59	0	4	2	6	65
15	11	13	24	11	59	0	4	2	6	65
16	10	12	23	14	59	1	4	1	6	65
17/18	9	12	23	15	59	0	4	2	6	65
Total	120	152	276	160	708	5	45	22	72	780
Total (%)	16.9	21.5	39.0	22.6	100.0	6.9	62.5	30.6	100.0
Census (%)	15.8	21.0	38.9	24.3		6.1	61.1	32.8

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.18a. Region x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Self-Report Normative Sample Gender Specific–Males

Age (in years)	U.S.					Canada				Total
	Northeast	Midwest	South	West	Subtotal	East	Central	West	Subtotal
8	9	10	19	10	48	1	3	3	7	55
9	7	12	17	12	48	0	4	3	7	55
10	7	10	21	10	48	1	4	2	7	55
11	6	10	18	14	48	1	5	1	7	55
12	9	11	17	11	48	0	4	3	7	55
13	11	9	18	10	48	1	4	2	7	55
14	8	12	16	12	48	0	5	2	7	55
15	10	11	16	11	48	0	5	2	7	55
16	7	15	16	10	48	0	4	3	7	55
17/18	9	11	17	11	48	1	4	2	7	55
Total	83	111	175	111	480	5	42	23	70	550
Total (%)	17.3	23.1	36.5	23.1	100.0	7.1	60.0	32.9	100.0
Census (%)	15.8	21.0	38.9	24.3		6.1	61.1	32.8

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.18b. Region x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Self-Report Normative Sample Gender Specific–Females

Age (in years)	U.S.					Canada				Total
	Northeast	Midwest	South	West	Subtotal	East	Central	West	Subtotal
8	7	9	21	11	48	0	4	3	7	55
9	9	11	19	9	48	1	4	2	7	55
10	8	10	18	12	48	0	5	2	7	55
11	8	11	19	10	48	1	4	2	7	55
12	9	12	16	11	48	0	5	2	7	55
13	8	10	20	10	48	0	4	3	7	55
14	9	12	16	11	48	0	5	2	7	55
15	7	10	20	11	48	1	4	2	7	55
16	10	9	18	11	48	1	4	2	7	55
17/18	7	11	19	11	48	0	4	3	7	55
Total	82	105	186	107	480	4	43	23	70	550
Total (%)	17.1	21.9	38.8	22.3	100.0	5.7	61.4	32.9	100.0
Census (%)	15.8	21.0	38.9	24.3		6.1	61.1	32.8

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

Parental Education Level

For the Conners 4 Parent and Self-Report forms, information about the highest level of education attained by the primary parent or guardian of the youth being rated was collected (that is, the person primarily responsible for the care and upbringing of the child, or if that responsibility was equally shared, the parent/guardian completing the assessment was described). Raters living in the U.S. were asked to use the following categories to describe the highest level of education achieved by the primary parent of the youth being rated: No high school diploma; High school graduate/GED; Some college, no degree; Associate’s degree; Bachelor’s degree; Graduate or professional degree. Raters living in Canada were asked to select which of the following described the highest level of education achieved by the primary parent of the youth being rated: No high school certificate, diploma, or degree; Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate; apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; College, CEGEP, or other non-university certificate or diploma; University certificate or diploma below bachelor level; Bachelor’s degree; Graduate or professional degree. For ease of interpretation, the U.S. and Canadian levels of education were condensed into five broader classifications: Parental Education Level 1 (PEL1; includes no high school diploma), Parental Education Level 2 (PEL 2; includes high school diploma or equivalent), Parental Education Level 3 (PEL 3; includes some college, university diploma or certificates below bachelor’s level, or associates degree), Parental Education Level 4 (PEL 4; Bachelor’s degree), and Parental Education Level 5 (PEL 5; graduate or professional degree).

The distribution of PEL within country by age group for the Combined Gender Normative Samples is found in Tables 7.19 and 7.20. The portion of youth being rated at each PEL closely matched the U.S. population (within 1.2%) and the Canadian population (within 8.0%). The distribution of PEL within country by age group for the Gender Specific Normative Samples is found in Tables 7.21 and 7.22. Note that while the relative disparities between the Canadian sample and the Canadian census appear larger than those between the U.S. sample and the U.S. census, this discrepancy was a result of the modest number of youth within each stratified level of the Canadian sample. These low numbers meant that subtle deviations from the census became magnified when reported as a percentage.

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Table 7.19. Parental Education Level x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Parent Normative Sample–Combined Gender

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada						Total
	PEL 1	PEL 2	PEL 3	PEL 4	PEL 5	Subtotal	PEL 1	PEL 2	PEL 3	PEL 4	PEL 5	Subtotal
6	15	33	33	22	15	118	2	2	4	3	1	12	130
7	14	32	34	23	15	118	1	3	4	4	0	12	130
8	16	30	35	24	13	118	2	2	4	3	1	12	130
9	15	32	34	22	15	118	1	4	3	3	1	12	130
10	18	30	33	22	15	118	2	2	4	3	1	12	130
11	13	31	33	26	15	118	2	3	3	3	1	12	130
12	15	31	33	23	16	118	2	2	2	5	1	12	130
13	14	32	35	22	15	118	1	3	4	2	2	12	130
14	13	32	35	22	16	118	1	3	4	3	1	12	130
15	13	33	34	22	16	118	2	1	3	4	2	12	130
16	14	32	36	23	13	118	1	3	5	2	1	12	130
17/18	13	34	34	21	16	118	2	2	4	2	2	12	130
Total	173	382	409	272	180	1,416	19	30	44	37	14	144	1,560
Total (%)	12.2	27.0	28.9	19.2	12.7	100.0	13.2	20.8	30.6	25.7	9.7	100.0
Census (%)	11.7	26.9	28.9	20.0	12.6		14.4	23.7	35.1	17.7	9.1

Note. PEL = Parental Education level; PEL 1 = No high school diploma; PEL 2 = High school diploma/GED; PEL 3 = Some college or associate's degree; PEL 4 = Bachelor's degree; PEL 5 = Graduate or professional degree. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.20. Parental Education Level x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Self-Report Normative Sample–Combined Gender

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada						Total
	PEL 1	PEL 2	PEL 3	PEL 4	PEL 5	Subtotal	PEL 1	PEL 2	PEL 3	PEL 4	PEL 5	Subtotal
8	11	23	26	22	14	96	2	4	7	1	0	14	110
9	10	26	28	19	13	96	2	3	5	2	2	14	110
10	13	24	28	17	14	96	2	2	5	3	2	14	110
11	10	25	28	20	13	96	2	2	5	3	2	14	110
12	15	27	22	16	16	96	2	3	6	3	0	14	110
13	10	27	26	22	11	96	3	4	4	2	1	14	110
14	11	23	27	21	14	96	2	5	4	2	1	14	110
15	11	27	29	16	13	96	1	2	5	4	2	14	110
16	12	24	28	18	14	96	2	2	5	2	3	14	110
17/18	12	27	26	21	10	96	3	4	4	1	2	14	110
Total	115	253	268	192	132	960	21	31	50	23	15	140	1,100
Total (%)	12.0	26.4	27.9	20.0	13.8	100.0	15.0	22.1	35.7	16.4	10.7	100.0
Census (%)	11.7	26.9	28.9	20.0	12.6		14.4	23.7	35.1	17.7	9.1

Note. PEL = Parental Education level; PEL 1 = No high school diploma; PEL 2 = High school diploma/GED; PEL 3 = Some college or associate's degree; PEL 4 = Bachelor's degree; PEL 5 = Graduate or professional degree. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census

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Table 7.21a. Parental Education Level x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Parent Normative Sample Gender Specific–Males

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada						Total
	PEL 1	PEL 2	PEL 3	PEL 4	PEL 5	Subtotal	PEL 1	PEL 2	PEL 3	PEL 4	PEL 5	Subtotal
6	7	17	16	11	8	59	1	1	2	2	0	6	65
7	8	16	17	10	8	59	0	2	2	2	0	6	65
8	9	13	18	11	8	59	1	1	2	1	1	6	65
9	8	15	17	12	7	59	0	2	2	2	0	6	65
10	9	15	17	10	8	59	1	1	2	2	0	6	65
11	7	15	17	13	7	59	2	1	1	1	1	6	65
12	7	18	16	11	7	59	1	1	2	1	1	6	65
13	8	16	18	11	6	59	1	1	2	1	1	6	65
14	6	17	17	12	7	59	1	2	1	2	0	6	65
15	7	17	16	11	8	59	1	0	1	2	2	6	65
16	6	17	19	12	5	59	0	2	2	1	1	6	65
17/18	7	16	17	10	9	59	1	1	2	1	1	6	65
Total	89	192	205	134	88	708	10	15	21	18	8	72	780
Total (%)	12.6	27.1	29.0	18.9	12.4	100.0	13.9	20.8	29.2	25.0	11.1	100.0
Census (%)	11.7	26.9	28.9	20.0	12.6		14.4	23.7	35.1	17.7	9.1

Note. PEL = Parental Education level; PEL 1 = No high school diploma; PEL 2 = High school diploma/GED; PEL 3 = Some college or associate's degree; PEL 4 = Bachelor's degree; PEL 5 = Graduate or professional degree. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census

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Table 7.21b. Parental Education Level x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Parent Normative Sample Gender Specific–Females

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada						Total
	PEL 1	PEL 2	PEL 3	PEL 4	PEL 5	Subtotal	PEL 1	PEL 2	PEL 3	PEL 4	PEL 5	Subtotal
6	8	16	17	11	7	59	1	1	2	1	1	6	65
7	6	16	17	13	7	59	1	1	2	2	0	6	65
8	7	17	17	13	5	59	1	1	2	2	0	6	65
9	7	17	17	10	8	59	1	2	1	1	1	6	65
10	9	15	16	12	7	59	1	1	2	1	1	6	65
11	6	16	16	13	8	59	0	2	2	2	0	6	65
12	8	13	17	12	9	59	1	1	0	4	0	6	65
13	6	16	17	11	9	59	0	2	2	1	1	6	65
14	7	15	18	10	9	59	0	1	3	1	1	6	65
15	6	16	18	11	8	59	1	1	2	2	0	6	65
16	8	15	17	11	8	59	1	1	3	1	0	6	65
17/18	6	18	17	11	7	59	1	1	2	1	1	6	65
Total	84	190	204	138	92	708	9	15	23	19	6	72	780
Total (%)	11.9	26.8	28.8	19.5	13.0	100.0	12.5	20.8	31.9	26.4	8.3	100.0
Census (%)	11.7	26.9	28.9	20.0	12.6		14.4	23.7	35.1	17.7	9.1

Note. PEL = Parental Education level; PEL 1 = No high school diploma; PEL 2 = High school diploma/GED; PEL 3 = Some college or associate's degree; PEL 4 = Bachelor's degree; PEL 5 = Graduate or professional degree. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census

Click to expand

Table 7.22a. Parental Education Level x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Self-Report Normative Sample Gender Specific–Males

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada						Total
	PEL 1	PEL 2	PEL 3	PEL 4	PEL 5	Subtotal	PEL 1	PEL 2	PEL 3	PEL 4	PEL 5	Subtotal
8	6	11	12	10	9	48	1	2	4	0	0	7	55
9	5	15	13	9	6	48	1	2	2	1	1	7	55
10	8	11	15	8	6	48	1	1	3	1	1	7	55
11	4	11	14	11	8	48	1	1	2	2	1	7	55
12	9	13	11	6	9	48	1	1	3	2	0	7	55
13	5	13	13	12	5	48	1	2	2	1	1	7	55
14	5	12	14	10	7	48	1	3	3	0	0	7	55
15	6	14	14	7	7	48	0	1	2	3	1	7	55
16	6	12	15	9	6	48	1	1	2	1	2	7	55
17/18	6	14	12	11	5	48	2	2	2	0	1	7	55
Total	60	126	133	93	68	480	10	16	25	11	8	70	550
Total (%)	12.5	26.2	27.7	19.4	14.2	100.0	14.3	22.9	35.7	15.7	11.4	100.0
Census (%)	11.7	26.9	28.9	20.0	12.6		14.4	23.7	35.1	17.7	9.1

Note. PEL = Parental Education level; PEL 1 = No high school diploma; PEL 2 = High school diploma/GED; PEL 3 = Some college or associate's degree; PEL 4 = Bachelor's degree; PEL 5 = Graduate or professional degree. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census

Click to expand

Table 7.22b. Parental Education Level x Country x Age Group: Conners 4 Self-Report Normative Sample Gender Specific–Females

Age (in years)	U.S.						Canada						Total
	PEL 1	PEL 2	PEL 3	PEL 4	PEL 5	Subtotal	PEL 1	PEL 2	PEL 3	PEL 4	PEL 5	Subtotal
8	5	12	14	12	5	48	1	2	3	1	0	7	55
9	5	11	15	10	7	48	1	1	3	1	1	7	55
10	5	13	13	9	8	48	1	1	2	2	1	7	55
11	6	14	14	9	5	48	1	1	3	1	1	7	55
12	6	14	11	10	7	48	1	2	3	1	0	7	55
13	5	14	13	10	6	48	2	2	2	1	0	7	55
14	6	11	13	11	7	48	1	2	1	2	1	7	55
15	5	13	15	9	6	48	1	1	3	1	1	7	55
16	6	12	13	9	8	48	1	1	3	1	1	7	55
17/18	6	13	14	10	5	48	1	2	2	1	1	7	55
Total	55	127	135	99	64	480	11	15	25	12	7	70	550
Total (%)	11.5	26.5	28.1	20.6	13.3	100.0	15.7	21.4	35.7	17.1	10.0	100.0
Census (%)	11.7	26.9	28.9	20.0	12.6		14.4	23.7	35.1	17.7	9.1

Note. PEL = Parental Education level; PEL 1 = No high school diploma; PEL 2 = High school diploma/GED; PEL 3 = Some college or associate's degree; PEL 4 = Bachelor's degree; PEL 5 = Graduate or professional degree. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census

Clinical Status

The Conners 4 Normative Samples also include ratings of 131 Parent, 151 Teacher, and 126 Self-Report youth with a clinical diagnosis, representing 8.3% of the Parent Combined Gender Normative Sample, 9.6% of the Teacher Combined Gender Normative Sample, and 11.4% of the Self-Report Combined Gender Normative Sample. Detailed diagnostic information was provided by clinicians and parents for youth with a clinical diagnosis. Youth were diagnosed with one or more of the following disorders: ADHD, Specific Learning Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, or an Emotional Disturbance. Note that Emotional Disturbance comprises depressive disorders (e.g., Major Depressive Disorder) and anxiety disorders (e.g., Generalized Anxiety Disorder). Tables 7.23 to 7.25 show the distribution of the clinical diagnoses within each Normative Sample. Note that the percent of the Normative Samples with a clinical diagnosis for each disorder closely matches the prevalence rates for youth listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders¹ (DSM) and/or those reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (Snyder et al., 2019). Clinical cases were balanced across all ages, and these youth were included in the Normative Samples to approximate actual general populations, which encompass youth both with and without clinical conditions.

Click to expand

Table 7.23. Distribution of Clinical Diagnoses: Conners 4 Parent Normative Samples

Diagnosis	Males	Females	Combined	Total Portion of Sample (%)	Prevalence Rate in Youth (%)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	49	25	74	4.7	5.0
Specific Learning Disability	66	35	101	6.5	5.0
Oppositional Defiant Disorder	22	12	34	2.2	3.3
Autism Spectrum Disorder	12	9	21	1.3	1.0
Emotional Disturbance	12	28	40	2.6	0.7

Note. The total number of clinical cases in the Normative Sample is less than the sum of cases in each clinical group because youth with co-occurring diagnoses count towards more than one diagnostic group. Youth in the Combined column were included in the Combined Gender Normative Sample, those in the Male column were included in the Gender Specific Normative Sample–Males, and those in the Female column were included in the Gender Specific Normative Sample–Females.

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Table 7.24. Distribution of Clinical Diagnoses: Conners 4 Teacher Normative Samples

Diagnosis	Males	Females	Combined	Total Portion of Sample (%)	Prevalence Rate in Youth (%)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	49	26	75	4.8	5.0
Specific Learning Disability	65	28	93	6.0	5.0
Oppositional Defiant Disorder	22	9	31	2.0	3.3
Autism Spectrum Disorder	13	9	22	1.4	1.0
Emotional Disturbance	13	26	39	2.5	0.7

Note. The total number of clinical cases in the Normative Sample is less than the sum of cases in each clinical group because youth with co-occurring diagnoses count towards more than one diagnostic group. Youth in the Combined column were included in the Combined Gender Normative Sample, those in the Male column were included in the Gender Specific Normative Sample–Males, and those in the Female column were included in the Gender Specific Normative Sample–Females.

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Table 7.25. Distribution of Clinical Diagnoses: Conners 4 Self-Report Normative Samples

Diagnosis	Males	Females	Combined	Total Portion of Sample (%)	Prevalence Rate in Youth (%)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	50	27	77	4.9	5.0
Specific Learning Disability	37	23	60	3.8	5.0
Oppositional Defiant Disorder	13	7	20	1.3	3.3
Autism Spectrum Disorder	—	—	—	—	1.0
Emotional Disturbance	15	25	40	2.6	0.7

Note. The total number of clinical cases in the Normative Sample is less than the sum of cases in each clinical group because youth with co-occurring diagnoses count towards more than one diagnostic group. Youth in the Combined column were included in the Combined Gender Normative Sample, those in the Male column were included in the Gender Specific Normative Sample–Males, and those in the Female column were included in the Gender Specific Normative Sample–Females. Autism Spectrum Disorder cases were not recruited for the Self-Report, as they may lack the insight or ability to provide self-reported ratings.

Demographic Characteristics of the Normative Sample Raters

Table 7.28 contains a summary of the demographic characteristics that describe the parent/guardians who rated their child using the Conners 4 Parent, and Table 7.29 contains a summary of the demographic characteristics of the teachers who rated their student using the Conners 4 Teacher.

In examining the Combined Gender Normative Samples, the majority of the parent raters were female (69.1%) and over half were White (55.0% in the U.S.) or not a visible minority (72.7% in Canada). There were a variety of relationships between the parent/guardian rater and the child being rated (with biological mother as the most common relationship at 63.7%, followed by biological father at 28.7%). Parent raters who indicated that they were an “Other relative,” a “Non-relative,” or an“Other guardian” (3.4%) were asked to specify how they were related to the child being rated. The most frequent responses were grandparent, aunt or uncle, and step-parent.

Teacher raters were predominantly female (76.9%) and White (79.7% in the U.S.) or not a visible minority (82.5% in Canada). Half of the teachers reported that they taught at the elementary school level (50.1%), followed by District K–12 schools (24.0%), and middle school/junior high schools (23.2%). Teachers were asked to report the class(es) taught to the student being rated. A qualitative analysis revealed that all core subject areas from Kindergarten to Grade 12 were represented, including, but not limited to, social science, English and language arts, foreign languages, mathematics, science and technology, arts, and health and physical education. Most of the teachers indicated that they interacted with the student being rated on a daily or almost daily basis (84.4%) and reported having known the student for six months or longer (82.8%) prior to rating them. Teachers reported that they either knew the student being rated very well (55.8%) or moderately well (44.2%).

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Table 7.26. Demographic Characteristics of Parent Raters: Conners 4 Parent Normative Samples

Rater Demographic		Combined		Males		Females
		N	%	N	%	N	%
Gender	Male	482	30.9	258	33.1	222	28.5
	Female	1,078	69.1	522	66.9	558	71.5
	Other	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
U.S. Race/Ethnicity	Hispanic	314	22.2	157	22.1	157	22.2
	Asian	76	5.4	38	5.4	38	5.4
	Black	202	14.3	103	14.5	99	14.0
	White	779	55.0	388	54.7	391	55.2
	Other	46	3.2	23	3.2	23	3.2
Canadian Race/Ethnicity	Not visible minority	104	72.7	51	6.5	53	6.8
	Visible minority	39	27.2	20	2.6	19	2.4
Relation to Youth Being Rated	Biological mother	993	63.7	483	61.9	513	65.8
	Biological father	447	28.7	237	30.4	208	26.7
	Non-biological mother	45	2.9	23	2.9	22	2.8
	Non-biological father	23	1.5	13	1.7	10	1.3
	Other relative	40	2.6	19	2.4	21	2.7
	Non-relative	1	0.1	0	0.0	1	0.1
	Other guardian	11	0.7	5	0.6	5	0.6
Age in years M (SD)		41.7 (8.8)		41.3 (9.0)		42.2 (8.6)
Total		1,560	100.0	780	100.0	780	100.0

Note. Youth in the Combined column were included in the Combined Gender Normative Sample, those in the Male column were included in the Gender Specific Normative Sample–Males, and those in the Female column were included in the Gender Specific Normative Sample–Females.

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Table 7.27. Demographic Characteristics of Teacher Raters: Conners 4 Teacher Normative Samples

Rater Demographic		Combined		Males		Females
		N	%	N	%	N	%
Gender	Male	361	23.1	217	27.8	145	18.6
	Female	1,199	76.9	563	72.2	635	81.4
	Other	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
U.S. Race/Ethnicity	Hispanic	115	8.1	55	7.8	60	8.5
	Asian	46	3.2	24	3.4	22	3.1
	Black	86	6.1	44	6.2	42	5.9
	White	1,130	79.7	563	79.4	567	80.1
	Other	40	2.8	23	3.2	17	2.4
Canadian Race/Ethnicity	Not visible minority	118	82.5	57	80.3	61	84.7
	Visible minority	25	17.5	14	19.7	11	15.3
Length of Relationship	1 to 5 months	268	17.2	145	18.6	123	15.8
	6 to 11 months	645	41.3	320	41.0	325	41.7
	12 months or more	647	41.5	315	40.4	332	42.6
How well does the teacher know the student being rated?	Moderately well	690	44.2	352	45.1	339	43.5
	Very well	870	55.8	428	54.9	441	56.5
How often does the teacher interact with the student being rated?	Not at all	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
	Less than weekly	13	0.8	6	0.8	7	0.9
	Weekly	231	14.8	114	14.6	117	15.0
	Daily or almost daily	1316	84.4	660	84.6	656	84.1
Age in years M (SD)		42.0 (11.3)		42.1 (11.3)		41.9 (11.3)
Total		1,560	100.0	780	100.0	780	100.0

Note. Youth in the Combined column were included in the Combined Gender Normative Sample, those in the Male column were included in the Gender Specific Normative Sample–Males, and those in the Female column were included in the Gender Specific Normative Sample–Females.

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